कोशिका: जीवन की निर्माण इकाई-Chapter Review and Key Points Science Exploration Class 9 In Hindi-CBSE Notes


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Class 9 Science Exploration अन्वेषण Chapter 2 कोशिका: जीवन की निर्माण इकाई । Chapter Review and Key Points

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कोशिका: जीवन की निर्माण इकाई-Chapter Review and Key Points Science Exploration Class 9 In Hindi-CBSE Notes

कोशिका: जीवन की निर्माण इकाई

Page 1 of 8

Chapter Review and Key Points

अध्याय 2. कोशिका: जीवन की निर्माण इकाई (Cell: The Building Block of Life)

पृथ्वी पर उपस्थित प्रत्येक जीवित प्राणी असंख्य सूक्ष्म इकाइयों से मिलकर बना होता है, जिन्हें कोशिका (Cell) कहा जाता है। कोशिका जीवन की सबसे छोटी संरचनात्मक (Structural) एवं क्रियात्मक (Functional) इकाई है। इस अध्याय में कोशिका की खोज, कोशिका सिद्धांत, कोशिका की संरचना, कोशिका झिल्ली, कोशिका भित्ति, कोशिकांग (Cell Organelles), केंद्रक (Nucleus), जंतु एवं पादप कोशिकाओं के अंतर तथा कोशिका विभाजन जैसी महत्वपूर्ण अवधारणाओं का अध्ययन किया गया है। यह अध्याय हमें समझाता है कि एक सूक्ष्म कोशिका किस प्रकार पूरे जीव के जीवन और विभिन्न जैविक प्रक्रियाओं का संचालन करती है। 

Chapter Review (अध्याय पुनरावलोकन)

परिचय

  • कोशिका (Cell) सभी जीवित प्राणियों की मूल संरचनात्मक एवं क्रियात्मक इकाई है।
  • सभी जीव एक या अनेक कोशिकाओं से मिलकर बने होते हैं।
  • प्रत्येक कोशिका अपने भीतर अनेक महत्वपूर्ण जैविक क्रियाएँ संपन्न करती है।
  • कोशिकाओं की संरचना और कार्य के आधार पर जीवों के जीवन को समझा जा सकता है।

महत्वपूर्ण परिभाषाएँ

शब्द सरल परिभाषा
कोशिका (Cell) जीवन की सबसे छोटी संरचनात्मक एवं क्रियात्मक इकाई।
एककोशिकीय जीव (Unicellular Organism) ऐसा जीव जो केवल एक कोशिका से बना हो।
बहुकोशिकीय जीव (Multicellular Organism) ऐसा जीव जो अनेक कोशिकाओं से मिलकर बना हो।
ऊतक (Tissue) समान कार्य करने वाली कोशिकाओं का समूह।
कोशिका झिल्ली (Cell Membrane) कोशिका को घेरने वाली चयनात्मक पारगम्य (Selectively Permeable) झिल्ली।
कोशिका भित्ति (Cell Wall) पादप कोशिका की कठोर बाहरी परत।
केंद्रक (Nucleus) कोशिका का नियंत्रण केंद्र, जिसमें आनुवंशिक पदार्थ होता है।
कोशिकांग (Cell Organelles) कोशिका के भीतर उपस्थित विशेष संरचनाएँ, जो अलग-अलग कार्य करती हैं।
कोशिका विभाजन (Cell Division) एक कोशिका से नई कोशिकाओं के बनने की प्रक्रिया।

महत्वपूर्ण वैज्ञानिक शब्द

  • Cell (कोशिका)
  • Microscope (सूक्ष्मदर्शी)
  • Cell Theory (कोशिका सिद्धांत)
  • Cell Membrane (कोशिका झिल्ली)
  • Cell Wall (कोशिका भित्ति)
  • Cytoplasm (कोशिकाद्रव्य)
  • Nucleus (केंद्रक)
  • Chromosome (गुणसूत्र)
  • DNA
  • Gene (जीन)
  • Ribosome (राइबोसोम)
  • Mitochondria (माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया)
  • Golgi Apparatus (गोल्जी उपकरण)
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (एंडोप्लाज़्मिक जालिका)
  • Lysosome (लाइसोसोम)
  • Plastid (प्लास्टिड)
  • Chloroplast (हरितलवक)
  • Vacuole (रिक्तिका)
  • Mitosis (समसूत्री विभाजन)
  • Meiosis (अर्धसूत्री विभाजन)

मुख्य अवधारणाएँ

  • कोशिका जीवन की मूल इकाई है।
  • रॉबर्ट हुक (Robert Hooke) ने सबसे पहले कोशिका का अवलोकन किया।
  • सूक्ष्मदर्शी (Microscope) की सहायता से सूक्ष्म कोशिकाओं का अध्ययन किया जाता है।
  • कोशिका झिल्ली पदार्थों के आवागमन को नियंत्रित करती है।
  • पादप कोशिका में कोशिका भित्ति होती है, जबकि जंतु कोशिका में नहीं होती।
  • केंद्रक कोशिका की सभी गतिविधियों का नियंत्रण करता है।
  • कोशिकांग विभिन्न जैविक कार्यों को संपन्न करते हैं।
  • कोशिका विभाजन जीवों की वृद्धि, मरम्मत और जनन के लिए आवश्यक है।

त्वरित पुनरावृत्ति (Quick Revision)

  • ✔ सभी जीव कोशिकाओं से बने होते हैं।
  • ✔ कोशिका जीवन की सबसे छोटी जीवित इकाई है।
  • ✔ एककोशिकीय जीव केवल एक कोशिका से बने होते हैं।
  • ✔ बहुकोशिकीय जीवों में कोशिकाएँ मिलकर ऊतक, अंग और अंग तंत्र बनाती हैं।
  • ✔ कोशिका झिल्ली चयनात्मक पारगम्य होती है।
  • ✔ पादप कोशिका में कोशिका भित्ति उपस्थित होती है।
  • ✔ केंद्रक में DNA एवं गुणसूत्र पाए जाते हैं।
  • ✔ माइटोकॉन्ड्रिया कोशिका का ऊर्जा केंद्र (Powerhouse of the Cell) कहलाता है।
  • ✔ हरितलवक (Chloroplast) केवल पादप कोशिकाओं में पाया जाता है।
  • ✔ कोशिका विभाजन से नई कोशिकाओं का निर्माण होता है।

Key Concepts

  • कोशिका (Cell)
  • कोशिका सिद्धांत (Cell Theory)
  • सूक्ष्मदर्शी (Microscope)
  • कोशिका झिल्ली (Cell Membrane)
  • कोशिका भित्ति (Cell Wall)
  • कोशिकाद्रव्य (Cytoplasm)
  • केंद्रक (Nucleus)
  • कोशिकांग (Cell Organelles)
  • गुणसूत्र (Chromosome)
  • DNA एवं जीन (Gene)
  • पादप एवं जंतु कोशिका
  • कोशिका विभाजन (Cell Division)
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कोशिका: जीवन की निर्माण इकाई-Chapter Review and Key Points Science Exploration Class 9 In Hindi-CBSE Notes


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