Chapter 4: New Beginnings:Cities and States-Quick Revising Notes Social Science Part-1 Class 7 In English-CBSE Notes
Explore NCERT Solutions for Class 7 social science part-1 Chapter Chapter 4: New Beginnings:Cities and States Topic Quick Revising Notes with simple explanations and free ncert solution in English.
Chapter 4: New Beginnings:Cities and States-Quick Revising Notes Social Science Part-1 Class 7 In English-CBSE Notes
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Chapter 4: New Beginnings:Cities and States-Quick Revising Notes Social Science Part-1 Class 7 In English-CBSE Notes
Chapter 4: New Beginnings:Cities and States
Quick Revising Notes
Quick Revision Notes – New Beginnings: Cities and States
Second Urbanisation
- The Harappan Civilization is called India's First Urbanisation.
- A new phase of city development began in the 1st millennium BCE.
- This period is known as the Second Urbanisation.
- It started mainly in the Ganga Plains.
- Archaeological discoveries and ancient literature provide evidence of this period.
Janapadas
- Janapada means "the land where people settled".
- Formed by clans sharing common customs and language.
- Each Janapada was ruled by a Raja.
- They were the earliest organized territorial states.
Mahajanapadas
- Larger states formed by the merger of Janapadas.
- Developed around the 8th–7th century BCE.
- There were 16 Mahajanapadas.
- They became centres of trade, agriculture and administration.
Important Mahajanapadas
- Magadha
- Kosala
- Vatsa
- Avanti
- Vajji
- Malla
- Gandhara
- Anga
Capitals of Major Mahajanapadas
- Magadha – Rajagriha
- Kosala – Shravasti
- Vatsa – Kaushambi
- Avanti – Ujjayini
- Gandhara – Takshashila
Features of Mahajanapada Cities
- Large and fortified cities.
- Protected by walls and gates.
- Moats were built around cities for defence.
- Important centres of trade and administration.
Early Democratic Traditions
- Assemblies called Sabha and Samiti existed.
- Important matters were discussed collectively.
- The Raja was expected to take advice from assemblies.
- Some rulers could even be removed if found incompetent.
Gana and Sangha
- Vajji and Malla followed a different political system.
- Major decisions were taken through discussion and voting.
- Members selected the ruler.
- These are considered among the world's earliest republics.
Iron Technology
- Iron became widely used during the Second Urbanisation.
- Iron tools improved agriculture.
- Iron weapons were stronger than bronze weapons.
- Helped in the growth of cities and states.
Growth of Trade
- Trade expanded rapidly during this period.
- Road networks connected different regions.
- Goods moved across the Subcontinent.
- Trade encouraged urban development.
First Coins in India
- The earliest coins were made of silver.
- Known as Punch-Marked Coins.
- Used for trade and exchange.
- Later coins were made of copper and gold.
Varna System
- Society was divided into four Varnas.
- Brahmins – Knowledge and rituals.
- Kshatriyas – Protection and warfare.
- Vaishyas – Trade and agriculture.
- Shudras – Crafts and services.
Jati System
- Jati was based on occupation.
- Skills were passed from one generation to another.
- Different Jatis developed their own customs and traditions.
- The system became more rigid over time.
Important Trade Routes
- Uttarapatha connected north-west India with the Ganga plains.
- Dakshinapatha connected northern India with southern regions.
- These routes promoted trade, travel and cultural exchange.
Developments in South India
- Urban centres emerged around 400 BCE.
- Three important kingdoms developed:
- Cholas
- Cheras
- Pandyas
- South India traded in spices, gemstones and gold.
Key Terms
- Janapada: Territory settled by a group of people.
- Mahajanapada: Large kingdom formed from Janapadas.
- Sabha: Assembly of elders.
- Samiti: Council for discussion and decision-making.
- Moat: Water-filled ditch around a fort or city.
- Gana: Republic-like political system.
- Punch-Marked Coins: Earliest Indian coins.
- Varna: Social division based on duties.
- Jati: Occupational social group.
Exam Booster Facts
- Second Urbanisation began in the 1st millennium BCE.
- There were 16 Mahajanapadas.
- Magadha was the most powerful Mahajanapada.
- Rajagriha was the capital of Magadha.
- Vajji and Malla were early republics.
- Iron technology boosted agriculture and warfare.
- India's first coins were punch-marked silver coins.
- Uttarapatha and Dakshinapatha were major trade routes.
- Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas emerged in South India.
- Sabha and Samiti were important political institutions.
All Topics Chapter Chapter 4: New Beginnings:Cities and States
Chapter 4: New Beginnings:Cities and States-Quick Revising Notes Social Science Part-1 Class 7 In English-CBSE Notes
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