Locating Places on the Earth-Notes Social Science Class 6 In English-CBSE Notes
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Class 6 Social Science Exploring Society India and Beyond Chapter 1 Locating Places on the Earth । Notes
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All Topics Chapter Locating Places on the Earth
Notes
Locating Places on the Earth-Notes Social Science Class 6 In English-CBSE Notes
Locating Places on the Earth
Notes
Locating Places on the Earth
Page 2 Notes
1. Important Terms and Definitions
Map
A map is a representation or drawing of an area of the Earth's surface viewed from above.
Atlas
An atlas is a book or collection of maps.
Scale
Scale shows the relationship between the distance on a map and the actual distance on the ground.
Globe
A globe is a spherical model of the Earth.
Coordinates
Coordinates are values used to identify the precise location of a place on the Earth.
Latitude
Latitude is the measure of the distance of a place north or south of the Equator.
Longitude
Longitude is the measure of the distance of a place east or west of the Prime Meridian.
Equator
The Equator is the 0° latitude that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
Prime Meridian
The Prime Meridian is the 0° longitude passing through Greenwich.
Local Time
Local time is the time of a particular place based on its longitude.
Standard Time
Standard time is the officially adopted time followed by a country or region.
Time Zone
A time zone is a region in which the same standard time is followed.
International Date Line
The International Date Line is an imaginary line located approximately at 180° longitude where crossing the line changes the date by one day.
2. Important Differences
| Map | Globe |
|---|---|
| A map is a flat representation of the Earth's surface. | A globe is a spherical model of the Earth. |
| It can show a very small or very large area in detail. | It represents the Earth as a whole or in a spherical form. |
| Latitude | Longitude |
|---|---|
| Measures distance north or south of the Equator. | Measures distance east or west of the Prime Meridian. |
| Parallels run east-west. | Meridians run from pole to pole. |
| Equator is 0° latitude. | Prime Meridian is 0° longitude. |
| Local Time | Standard Time |
|---|---|
| It depends on the longitude of a particular place. | It is the officially adopted time of a country or region. |
| It can differ from one place to another. | It is kept uniform within the relevant region. |
| Parallel of Latitude | Meridian of Longitude |
|---|---|
| Runs east-west. | Runs from the North Pole to the South Pole. |
| Parallel to the Equator. | All meridians meet at the poles. |
| Equator is the longest parallel. | Prime Meridian is the reference meridian. |
3. Topic-wise Notes
Topic 1: Maps
- A map represents an area of the Earth's surface.
- Maps are viewed as if the area is being seen from above.
- Maps can represent villages, towns, districts, states, countries or the whole world.
- An atlas is a collection of maps.
Topic 2: Types of Maps
- Physical Maps: Show natural features such as mountains, rivers and oceans.
- Political Maps: Show countries, states, boundaries and cities.
- Thematic Maps: Show information related to a particular theme.
Topic 3: Components of a Map
- The three main components of a map are distance, direction and symbols.
- Distance: Shows how far one place is from another.
- Direction: Helps us determine the position of one place in relation to another.
- Symbols: Represent different features on a map.
Topic 4: Scale
- Scale shows the relationship between map distance and actual ground distance.
- It allows large areas to be represented on small maps.
- For example, if 1 cm on a map represents 500 m on the ground, the scale is 1 cm = 500 m.
Topic 5: Directions
- The four cardinal directions are North, East, South and West.
- The intermediate directions are Northeast, Southeast, Southwest and Northwest.
- Directions help us locate one place in relation to another.
Topic 6: Symbols
- Maps use symbols to represent different features.
- Symbols make maps simple and easy to understand.
- They can represent roads, railway lines, buildings, rivers, boundaries and other features.
- The Survey of India uses a standard set of symbols for maps of India.
Topic 7: Globe
- A globe is a spherical model of the Earth.
- It represents the shape of the Earth more naturally than a flat map.
- A globe can show continents, oceans, countries and the imaginary lines used to locate places.
Topic 8: Coordinates
- Coordinates help us identify the precise location of a place.
- The two coordinates are latitude and longitude.
- The intersection of a particular latitude and longitude identifies a specific location.
Topic 9: Latitudes
- Latitudes measure distance north or south of the Equator.
- Parallels of latitude are imaginary circles running east-west.
- The Equator is 0° latitude.
- The North Pole is 90°N.
- The South Pole is 90°S.
- Parallels become smaller towards the poles.
Topic 10: Latitudes and Climate
- Latitude has an important relationship with climate.
- Places near the Equator generally receive more direct sunlight and are warmer.
- Places towards the poles are generally colder.
Topic 11: Longitudes
- Longitudes are imaginary half-circles running from the North Pole to the South Pole.
- They measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian.
- The Prime Meridian is 0° longitude.
- Longitudes are measured up to 180° east and 180° west.
- 180°E and 180°W represent the same longitude.
Topic 12: Prime Meridian
- The Prime Meridian is the reference line for measuring longitude.
- It is marked 0° longitude.
- It passes through Greenwich in London.
- It divides the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
Topic 13: Hemispheres
- The Equator divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
- The Prime Meridian divides the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
- A hemisphere means one half of the Earth.
Topic 14: Latitude and Longitude Grid
- Latitudes and longitudes together form a grid on the globe.
- This grid is used to locate places accurately.
- Every location can be identified using its latitude and longitude.
Topic 15: Ancient Indian Knowledge
- Ancient Indian astronomers had knowledge of latitude and longitude.
- Ujjayini was an important centre of astronomy.
- The Ujjayini meridian was known as madhya rekhā.
- It was used as a reference in ancient Indian astronomical calculations.
Topic 16: Location of India
- India extends approximately from 8°N to 37°N latitudes.
- India extends approximately from 68°E to 97°E longitudes.
- India lies in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres.
Topic 17: Longitude and Time
- The Earth rotates through 360° in 24 hours.
- Therefore, it rotates through 15° in one hour.
- Thus, a difference of 15° longitude corresponds approximately to a one-hour difference in local time.
- Places towards the east have later local time.
- Places towards the west have earlier local time.
Topic 18: Local Time
- Local time depends on the longitude of a place.
- Different longitudes have different local times.
- Using different local times throughout a country can create confusion.
Topic 19: Standard Time
- A country generally selects a particular meridian as a reference for its standard time.
- India follows Indian Standard Time (IST).
- IST is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT.
Topic 20: Time Zones
- A time zone is an area where the same standard time is followed.
- Time zones are broadly based on 15° intervals of longitude.
- Actual time-zone boundaries may follow the political boundaries of countries.
- Large countries may have several time zones.
Topic 21: International Date Line
- The International Date Line lies approximately at 180° longitude.
- It lies opposite the Prime Meridian.
- Crossing the International Date Line changes the date by one day.
- When crossed eastward, one day is subtracted.
- When crossed westward, one day is added.
- The line is not perfectly straight because it bends around some countries and islands.
Quick Facts
- Equator: 0° latitude
- North Pole: 90°N
- South Pole: 90°S
- Prime Meridian: 0° longitude
- Maximum Longitude: 180°E or 180°W
- India: Approximately 8°N–37°N and 68°E–97°E
- Earth's Rotation: 360° in 24 hours
- Time Difference: 15° longitude ≈ 1 hour
- IST: GMT + 5 hours 30 minutes
- International Date Line: Approximately 180° longitude
All Topics Chapter Locating Places on the Earth
Locating Places on the Earth-Notes Social Science Class 6 In English-CBSE Notes
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